List of tools for static code analysis
This is a list of notable tools for static program analysis (program analysis is a synonym for code analysis).
Static code analysis tools
[edit]| Tool | Latest release | Free software | Supported languages | Notes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ada | C, C++, C#, Objective-C | JVM | JavaScript, TypeScript | .NET, VB.NET | Python | Other languages | ||||
| Astrée | 2021-10 (21.10) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++ | — | — | — | — | — | Finds all potential runtime errors and data races by abstract interpretation, can prove their absence, and can prove functional assertions; tailored towards safety-critical C/C++ code (e.g. avionics and automotive). Includes MISRA checker. |
| Axivion Suite | 2024-07-04
(7.8) |
No; proprietary | — | C, C++, C# | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| BLAST (retired) | 2015-10-30 (2.7.3) | Yes; ASL 2 | — | C | — | — | — | — | — | An open-source software model checker for C programs based on lazy abstraction (follow-on project is CPAchecker.[1]). |
| Clang | 2024-11-08 (19.1.3) | Yes; ASL 2 with LLVM Exceptions | — | C, C++, Objective-C | — | — | — | — | — | An open-source compiler that includes a static analyzer. As of version 3.2, this analyzer is included in Xcode.[2][3] |
| Coccinelle | 2021-09-06 (1.1.1) | Yes; GPLv2 | — | C | — | — | — | — | — | An open-source source code pattern matching and transformation. |
| Code Dx | No; proprietary | — | C, C++, C# | Java, JSP, Scala | JavaScript | VB.NET | Python | PHP, Rails, Ruby, XML[4] | Software application vulnerability correlation and management system that uses multiple SAST and DAST tools, as well as the results of manual code reviews. Can calculate cyclomatic complexity. | |
| CodePeer | 2021-05-07 (21) | No; proprietary | Ada | — | — | — | — | — | — | An advanced static analysis tool that detects potential run-time logic errors in Ada programs. |
| CodeScene | 2023-10-13
(6.3.5) |
No; proprietary | — | C, C++, C#, Objective-C | Java, Groovy, Scala | JavaScript, TypeScript | VB.NET | Python | Swift, Go, PHP, Ruby | Behavioral analysis of code. Helps identify, prioritize, and manage technical debt. Measures organizational aspects of developer teams. Automated pull request integrations. |
| CodeQL | 2023-02-07 (CLI: 2.12.2) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++, C# | Java, Kotlin | JavaScript, TypeScript | .NET | Python | Go, Ruby | A code searching tool with an emphasis on finding software bugs. Search patterns are written in a query language which can search the AST and graphs (CFG, DFG, etc.) of supported languages. A plugin is available for Visual Studio. |
| ConQAT (retired) | 2015-02-01 | Yes; ASL 2 | Ada | C#, C++ | Java | JavaScript | — | — | ABAP | Continuous quality assessment toolkit that allows flexible configuration of quality analyses (architecture conformance, clone detection, quality metrics, etc.) and dashboards. |
| Coverity | 2023-04-29 (2022.12)[5] | No; proprietary | — | C, C++, C#, Objective-C | Java | JavaScript, TypeScript | — | Python | Ruby, PHP | Multi-language tool for security and quality issues. Supports compliance standards (MISRA, ISO 26262 and others). Free to use for open-source projects. |
| ECLAIR | 2021-07-15 (3.11)[6] | No; proprietary | — | C, C++ | — | — | — | — | — | Multi-language tool for software verification. Applications range from coding rule validation, to automatic generation of testcases, to the proof of absence of run-time errors or generation of counterexamples, and to the specification of code matchers and rewriters based both syntactic and semantic conditions. Supports compliance standards (MISRA, Embedded C Coding Standard and others). |
| CPAchecker | 2022-01-24 (2.1.1) | Yes; ASL 2 | — | C | — | — | — | — | — | A configurable software verification tool for execution path checking of C. |
| Cppcheck | 2023-09-10 (2.12) | Yes; GPLv3 | — | C, C++ | — | — | — | — | — | Open-source tool that checks for several types of errors, including use of STL. MISRA support is being added. |
| Cppdepend | 2023-03-01 (2023.1)[7] | No; proprietary | — | C, C++ | — | — | — | — | — | Simplifies managing a complex C/C++ code base by analyzing and visualizing code dependencies, by defining design rules, by doing impact analysis, and comparing different versions of the code. |
| Cpplint | 2020-07-29 | Yes; CC-BY-3.0[8] | — | C++ | — | — | — | — | — | An open-source tool that checks for compliance with Google's style guide for C++ coding. |
| Fluctuat | 2001 | No; proprietary | Ada95 | C | — | — | — | — | — | Abstract interpreter for the validation of numerical properties of programs. |
| Frama-C | 2022-06-21 | Yes; LGPL v2.1, BSD, QPL | — | C | — | — | — | — | — | An open-source extensible analysis framework for C with several analyzers and a specification language common to all of them. Includes analyses based on abstract interpretation, deductive verification and runtime monitoring. |
| GrammaTech CodeSonar | 2020-06-01 (5.3) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++, Objective-C | Java | — | — | — | — | Defect detection (buffer overruns, memory leaks, etc.), concurrency and security checks, architecture visualization and software metrics. |
| GCC | 2023-4-26 (13.1) | Yes; GPLv3+ with GCC Runtime Library Exception | — | C | — | — | — | — | — | Compiling with -fanalyzer flag (available from GCC 10) enables the static analyzer functionality[9] |
| HCL Security AppScan Source | 2020-12-01 (10.0.3) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++ | Java, JSP | JavaScript | .NET | Python | ColdFusion, ASP, PHP, Perl, Visual Basic 6, PL/SQL, T-SQL, COBOL | Analyzes source code to identify security vulnerabilities while integrating security testing with software development processes and systems. |
| Helix QAC | 2023-04 (2023.1) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++ | — | — | — | — | — | Formerly PRQA QA·C and QA·C++, deep static analysis of C/C++ for quality assurance and guideline/coding standard enforcement with MISRA support. |
| Infer Static Analyzer | 2024-06-21 (1.2.0) | Yes; MIT | — | C, C++, Objective-C | Java | — | — | — | — | Targets null pointer problems, leaks, concurrency issues and API usage for Facebook's mobile apps. Available as open source on GitHub. Sometimes referred as Facebook Infer. |
| Imagix 4D | 2020-10-01 (10.1.0) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++ | Java | — | — | — | — | Windows and Linux versions. |
| Kiuwan | 2020-07-22 | No; proprietary | — | C, C++, C#, Objective-C | Java, JSP | JavaScript | VB.NET | — | ABAP, COBOL, PHP, PL/SQL, T-SQL, SQL, Visual Basic, Android | Software Analytics end-to-end platform for static code analysis and automated code review. It covers defect detection, application security & IT Risk Management, with enhanced life cycle and application governance features. Support for over 20 languages. |
| Klocwork | 2023-04-04 (2023.1) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++, C# | Java | JavaScript | — | Python | Kotlin | Provides security vulnerability, standards compliance (MISRA, ISO 26262 and others), defect detection and build-over-build trend analysis |
| LDRA Testbed | 2021-05-07 (v9.8.6) | No; proprietary | Ada83, Ada95 | C, C++ | — | — | — | — | Assembler (Intel, Freescale, Texas Instruments) | A software analysis and testing tool suite, that performs static analysis, standards enforcement (eg. MISRA C/C++), dynamic analysis, unit testing and requirements traceability. |
| Lint | 1978-07-26 | Yes; permissive BSD-like[10] | — | C | — | — | — | — | — | The original, from 1978, static code analyzer for C. |
| MALPAS | No; proprietary | Ada | C | — | — | — | — | Pascal, Assembler (Intel, PowerPC and Motorola) | A software static analysis toolset for a variety of languages. Used primarily for safety critical applications in Nuclear and Aerospace industries. | |
| Moose | 2021-01-21 (7.0.3) | Yes; MIT | — | C, C++ | Java | — | .NET | — | Smalltalk | Moose started as a software analysis platform with many tools to manipulate, assess or visualize software. It can evolve to a more generic data analysis platform. |
| NDepend | 2022-03-16 (2022.1)[11] | No; proprietary | — | — | — | — | C# VB.NET .NET | — | — | Simplifies managing a complex .NET code base by analyzing and visualizing code dependencies, by defining design rules, by doing impact analysis, and by comparing different versions. Integrates into Visual Studio. |
| .NET Compiler Platform (Roslyn) | 2020-12-08 (3.8.0) | Yes; MIT | — | C# | — | — | VB.NET | — | — | Open-source compiler framework for C# and Visual Basic .NET developed by Microsoft .NET. Provides an API for analyzing and manipulating syntax. FxCop rules were implemented into Roslyn. |
| Parasoft C/C++test | 2020-11-12 (2020.2) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++ | — | — | — | — | — | A C/C++ tool that does static analysis, unit testing, code review, and runtime error detection; plugins available for Visual Studio and Eclipse-based IDEs. |
| PC-lint Plus | 2022-08-02 (2.0 Beta 2) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++ | — | — | — | — | — | A static analysis tool used to detect a wide range of defects, identify suspicious code, enforce various coding standards (MISRA/AUTOSAR/etc), calculate and report complex metrics, and implement user-defined checks. |
| PMD | 2023-2-25 (6.55.0) | Yes; BSD-like | — | C, C++ | Java, JSP | JavaScript | — | — | ColdFusion, PHP | duplicate code detection (e.g.)[12] code. |
| Polyspace | No; proprietary | Ada | C, C++ | — | — | — | — | — | Uses abstract interpretation to detect and prove the absence of certain run time errors and dead code in source code as well as used to check all MISRA (2004, 2012) rules (directives, non directives). | |
| Pretty Diff | 2019-04-21 (101.0.0) | Yes; CC0 | — | — | — | JavaScript, TypeScript | — | — | Markup, script and style languages (like XML, CSS) | A language-specific code comparison tool that features language-specific analysis reporting in addition to language-specific minification and beautification algorithms. |
| PVS-Studio | 2024-08-16 (7.32) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++, C++/CLI, C++/CX, C# | Java | — | — | — | — | A software analysis tool. |
| Qodana | 2023-07-23 (2023.2) | No; proprietary | — | C# | Java, Kotlin | JavaScript, TypeScript | VB.NET | Python | Go, HTML, PHP, CSS, Android, Vue.js | A code quality analysis tool that uses static code analysis. |
| RIPS | 2020-02-17 (3.4) | No; proprietary | — | — | Java | — | — | — | PHP | A static code analysis solution with many integration options for the automated detection of complex security vulnerabilities. |
| SAST Online | 2022-03-07 (1.1.0) | No; proprietary | — | — | Java | — | — | — | Kotlin, APK | Check the Android Source code thoroughly to uncover and address potential security concerns and vulnerabilities. Static application security testing (Static Code Analysis) tool Online |
| Semgrep | 2024-10-31 (1.95.0) | Yes; LGPL v2.1 | — | — | Java | JavaScript, TypeScript | — | Python | Go, JSON, PHP, Ruby, language-agnostic mode | A static analysis tool that helps expressing code standards and surfacing bugs early. It also has experimental support for eleven other languages. A CI service and a rule library is also available. |
| Sider | 2021-02-02 | No; proprietary | — | — | — | JavaScript, CoffeeScript | — | Python | Ruby, PHP, Go | Static code analysis based automated code review tool working on GitHub and GitLab. Checks style, quality, dependencies, security and bugs. It integrates a number of open source static analysis tools. |
| SLAM project | 2010-07-14 | No; proprietary | — | C | — | — | — | — | — | A project of Microsoft Research for checking that software (drivers) satisfies critical behavioral properties of the interfaces it uses. |
| SofCheck Inspector, Codepeer | 2020-08-24 (21.x) | No; proprietary | Ada | — | Java | — | — | — | — | Static detection of logic errors, race conditions, and redundant code. automatically extracts pre-postconditions from code. |
| SonarQube | 2024-02-05 (10.4) | Partly; framework is LGPL v3.0, but some features can be proprietary | — | C, C#, C++, Objective-C | Java, Kotlin, Scala | JavaScript, TypeScript | VB.NET | Python | ABAP, Apex, CSS, COBOL, Flex, Go, HTML, PHP, PLI, PL/SQL, Ruby, Swift, TSQL, Visual Basic 6, XML | A continuous inspection engine that finds vulnerabilities, bugs and code smells. Also tracks code complexity, unit test coverage and duplication. Offers branch analysis and C/C++/Objective-C support via commercial licenses. |
| SourceMeter | 2016-12-16 (8.2) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++ | Java | — | — | Python | RPG IV (AS/400) | A platform-independent, command-line static source code analyzer. Integrates with PMD and SpotBugs. |
| Sourcetrail (retired) | 2021-04 (2021.4.19) | Yes; GPL | — | C, C++ | Java | — | — | Python | Perl | An open-source source code explorer that provides interactive dependency graphs and supports multiple programming languages. |
| Sparse | 2021-09-06 (0.6.4) | Yes; MIT | — | C | — | — | — | — | GCC extensions | An open-source tool designed to find faults in the Linux kernel. |
| Splint | 2007-07-12 (3.1.2) | Yes; GPLv2 | — | C | — | — | — | — | — | An open-source tool statically checking C programs for security vulnerabilities and coding mistakes. |
| StyleCop | 2016-05-02 (2016.1.0) | Yes; Ms-PL | — | C# | — | — | .NET | — | — | Analyzes C# source code to enforce a set of style and consistency rules. It can be run from inside of Microsoft Visual Studio or integrated into an MSBuild project. |
| Squore | 2020-11-27 (20.1) | No; proprietary | Ada | C, C++, C#, Objective-C | Java | JavaScript, TypeScript | VB.NET | Python | Fortran, PHP, PL/SQL, Swift, T-SQL, XAML | A multi-purpose and multi-language monitoring tool for software projects. It integrates with other scanners. |
| Understand | 2023-01-19 (6.3) | No; proprietary | Ada | C, C++, C#, Objective-C | Java | JavaScript | — | Python | FORTRAN, Jovial, Pascal, VHDL, HTML, PHP, XML | A multi-platform tool for code analysis and comprehension of large code bases. Can recognize multiple dialects of C, C++ and C# like ANSI, K&R and Objective C++. |
| Visual Expert | 2021-09-10 | No; proprietary | — | — | — | — | — | — | PowerBuilder, Oracle PL/SQL, SQL Server Transact-SQL (T-SQL) | Continuous Code inspection, reports on quality and security issues, helps understand complex code (cross-references, source code documentation, code comparison, code performance analysis). |
| Visual Studio | 2021-10-12 (16.11) | No; proprietary | — | C, C++, C# | — | — | — | — | VB.NET | An IDE that provides static code analysis for C/C++ both in the editor environment and from the compiler command line. Also includes the .NET Compiler Platform (Roslyn) which provides C# and VB.NET analysis. |
| Yasca (retired) | 2010-11-01 (2.21) | Yes; multiple licenses | — | C, C++ | Java | JavaScript | — | — | ASP, PHP, HTML, CSS, ColdFusion, COBOL | Yet Another Source Code Analyzer, a plugin-based framework to scan arbitrary file types, with plugins. It integrates with other scanners, including FindBugs, PMD, and Pixy. |
| Tool | Release | Free software | Supported languages | Notes | ||||||
Languages
[edit]- Astree
- Axivion Suite (Bauhaus)
- BLAST
- Clang
- Coccinelle
- Coverity
- CPAchecker
- Cppcheck
- Cppdepend
- Cpplint
- ECLAIR
- Eclipse
- Fluctuat
- Frama-C
- GCC
- Helix QAC
- Facebook Infer
- Klocwork
- Lint
- LDRA Testbed
- Parasoft C/C++test
- PC-lint Plus
- Polyspace
- PVS-Studio
- SLAM project
- Sparse
- SonarQube
- Splint
- Understand
- Visual Studio
- Axivion Suite (Bauhaus)
- Code Dx
- CodeScene
- CodeQL
- Coverity
- Kiuwan
- Klocwork
- .NET Compiler Platform
- PVS-Studio
- SonarQube
- Sotoarc
- StyleCop
- Squore
- Understand
- Visual Studio
- CODESYS Static Analysis – integrated add-on for CODESYS (application code realized e.g. in ST, FBD, LD)
| Tool | Latest release | Free software | Duplicate code |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Checkstyle | 2020-01-26 | Yes; LGPL | No | Besides some static code analysis, it can be used to show violations of a configured coding standard. Duplicate code detection was removed[13] from Checkstyle. |
| Eclipse | 2017-06-28 | Yes; EPL | No | Cross-platform IDE with own set of several hundred code inspections available for analyzing code on-the-fly in the editor and bulk analysis of the whole project. Plugins for Checkstyle, FindBugs, and PMD. |
| FindBugs | 2015-03-06 | Yes; LGPL | Based on Jakarta BCEL from the University of Maryland. SpotBugs is the spiritual successor of FindBugs, carrying on from the point where it left off with support of its community. | |
| IntelliJ IDEA | 2021-04-06 | Yes; ASL 2 | Yes | A leading Java IDE with built-in code inspection and analysis. Plugins for Checkstyle, FindBugs, and PMD. |
| JArchitect | 2017-06-11 | No; proprietary | Simplifies managing a complex code base by analyzing and visualizing code dependencies, defining design rules, doing impact analysis, and by comparing different versions of the code. | |
| Jtest | 2019-05-21 | No; proprietary | Yes | Testing and static code analysis product by Parasoft. |
| Soot | 2020-10-28 | Yes; LGPL | A language manipulation and optimization framework consisting of intermediate languages. | |
| PMD | 2021-01-30 | Yes; BSD License | Yes | Static code analyzer with support for plugins, including CPD. PMD supports checking of several languages. |
| Squale | 2011-05-26 | Yes; LGPL | A platform to manage software quality. | |
| ThreadSafe | 2014-03-28 | No; proprietary | A static analysis tool focused on finding concurrency bugs. |
- ESLint – JavaScript syntax checker and formatter.
- Google's Closure Compiler – JavaScript optimizer that rewrites code to be faster and smaller, and checks use of native JavaScript functions.
- CodeScene – Behavioral analysis of code.
- JSHint – A community driven fork of JSLint.
- JSLint – JavaScript syntax checker and validator.
- Klocwork
- Semgrep – A static analysis tool that helps expressing code standards and surfacing bugs early. A CI service and a rule library is also available.
- Understand
Objective-C, Objective-C++
[edit]- Clang – The free Clang project includes a static analyzer. As of version 3.2, this analyzer is included in Xcode.[14]
- Infer – Developed by an engineering team at Facebook with open-source contributors. Targets null pointers, leaks, API usage and other lint checks. Available as open source on github.
- Understand
Opa
[edit]- Opa includes its own static analyzer. As the language is intended for web application development, the strongly statically typed compiler checks the validity of high-level types for web data, and prevents by default many vulnerabilities such as XSS attacks and database code injections.
- Lintian – Checks Debian software packages for common inconsistencies and errors.
- Rpmlint – Checks for common problems in rpm packages.
- Perl::Critic – A tool to help enforce common Perl best practices. Most best practices are based on Damian Conway's Perl Best Practices book.
- PerlTidy – Program that acts as a syntax checker and tester/enforcer for coding practices in Perl.
- Padre – An IDE for Perl that also provides static code analysis to check for common beginner errors.
- TOAD – A PL/SQL development environment with a Code xPert component that reports on general code efficiency as well as specific programming issues.
- Visual Expert – A PL/SQL code analysis tool[15] that reports on programming issues and helps understand and maintain complex code (Impact Analysis, Source Code documentation, Call trees, CRUD matrix, etc.).
PowerBuilder, PowerScript
[edit]- Visual Expert – A tool scanning PowerBuilder libraries (PBLs) for code inspection, Impact Analysis, Source Code documentation, Call trees, CRUD matrix.
- PyCharm – Cross-platform Python IDE with code inspections available for analyzing code on-the-fly in the editor and bulk analysis of the whole project.
- PyDev – Eclipse-based Python IDE with code analysis available on-the-fly in the editor or at save time.
- Pylint – Static code analyzer. Quite stringent; includes many stylistic warnings as well.
- Klocwork
- Semgrep – Static code analyzer that helps expressing code standards and surfacing bugs early. A CI service and a rule library is also available.
- Understand
- Visual Expert – A SQLServer code analysis tool[16] that reports on programming issues and helps understand and maintain complex code (Impact Analysis, source code documentation, call trees, CRUD matrix, etc.).
Tools with duplicate code detection
[edit]Formal methods tools
[edit]Tools that use sound, i.e. over-approximating a rigorous model, formal methods approach to static analysis (e.g., using static program assertions). Sound methods contain no false negatives for bug-free programs, at least with regards to the idealized mathematical model they are based on (there is no "unconditional" soundness). Note that there is no guarantee they will report all bugs for buggy programs, they will report at least one.
- Astrée – finds all potential runtime errors by abstract interpretation, can prove the absence of runtime errors and can prove functional assertions; tailored towards safety-critical C code (e.g. avionics).
- CodePeer – Statically determines and documents pre- and post-conditions for Ada subprograms; statically checks preconditions at all call sites.
- ECLAIR – Uses formal methods-based static code analysis techniques such as abstract interpretation and model checking combined with constraint satisfaction techniques to detect or prove the absence of certain run time errors in source code.
- ESC/Java and ESC/Java2 – Based on Java Modeling Language, an enriched version of Java
- Frama-C – An open-source analysis framework for C, based on the ANSI/ISO C Specification Language (ACSL). Its main techniques include abstract interpretation, deductive verification and runtime monitoring.
- KeY – analysis platform for Java based on theorem proving with specifications in the Java Modeling Language; can generate test cases as counterexamples; stand-alone GUI or Eclipse integration
- MALPAS – A formal methods tool that uses directed graphs and regular algebra to prove that software under analysis correctly meets its mathematical specification.
- Polyspace – Uses abstract interpretation, a formal methods based technique,[17] to detect and prove the absence of certain run time errors in source code for C/C++, and Ada
- SPARK Toolset including the SPARK Examiner – Based on the SPARK language, a subset of Ada.
See also
[edit]- Automated code review
- Best Coding Practices
- List of software development philosophies
- Dynamic program analysis
- Software metrics
- Integrated development environment (IDE) and comparison of integrated development environments. IDEs will usually come with built-in support for static program analysis, or with an option to integrate such support. Eclipse offers such integration mechanism for most different types of extensions (plug-ins).
References
[edit]- ^ "CPAchecker". 2015-02-08.
- ^ "Static Analysis in Xcode". Apple. Archived from the original on 2009-09-05. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
- ^ "Running the analyzer within Xcode". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ "Supported Application Security Testing Tools and Languages". codedx.com. Retrieved Apr 25, 2017.
- ^ "Coverity Scan website". Retrieved 2023-08-23.
- ^ "ECLAIR website". Retrieved 2021-10-07.
- ^ "CppDepend what's new". cppdepend.com. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Readme.md of Google Style Guides". GitHub. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ Malcolm, David (2020-03-26). "Static analysis in GCC 10". Red Hat Developer. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ "UNIX is free!". lemis.com. 2002-01-24.
- ^ "NDepend what's new". ndepend.com. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
- ^ "PMD - Browse /pmd/5.0.0 at SourceForge.net". Retrieved Dec 9, 2012.
- ^ "Remove StrictDuplicateCodeCheck and whole package · Issue #523 · checkstyle/Checkstyle". GitHub.
- ^ "Static Analysis in Xcode". Apple. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
- ^ "Visual Expert for Oracle - PL/SQL Code Analyzer". www.visual-expert.com. 2017-08-24.
- ^ "Visual Expert for SQL Server - Transact SQL Code Analyzer". www.visual-expert.com. 2017-08-24.
- ^ Cousot, Patrick (2007). "The Role of Abstract Interpretation in Formal Methods". Fifth IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM 2007). IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods. pp. 135–140. doi:10.1109/SEFM.2007.42. ISBN 978-0-7695-2884-7. S2CID 67212.
External links
[edit]- The Web Application Security Consortium's Static Code Analysis Tool List
- SAMATE-Source Code Security Analyzers
- SATE – Static Analysis Tool Exposition
- "A Comparison of Bug Finding Tools for Java", by Nick Rutar, Christian Almazan, and Jeff Foster, University of Maryland. Compares Bandera, ESC/Java 2, FindBugs, JLint, and PMD.
- "Mini-review of Java Bug Finders", by Rick Jelliffe, O'Reilly Media.